Genetic architecture of phenotypic indices for simultaneous improvement of protein content and grain yield in triticale (×<i>triticosecale</i>)

Abstract Our study aimed to assess the potential of indices, including grain protein deviation and yield, simultaneously improve yield content in triticale. analysis 1.218 triticale genotypes revealed significant genotypic variation high heritabilities for all traits. We analysed suitability indices phenotypic selection both increased content. show that some were selected irrespective applied index, but also observed considerable differences between indices. To uncover genetic architecture derived we performed genome‐wide association mapping biparental QTL mapping. This many pleiotropic with opposite effects on a complex inheritance traits, suggesting limits marker‐assisted selection. Nevertheless, use these is recommended breeding special‐purpose cultivars, like high‐protein cultivars on‐farm feed production.